The variety of pictures displayed on an Instagram profile can stay restricted on account of a wide range of components associated to person exercise, account settings, and potential platform points. This may manifest as a discrepancy between the perceived variety of photographs uploaded and the quantity seen to the profile viewer. For instance, a person may need uploaded quite a few pictures, but solely a fraction are publicly viewable on their profile web page.
Understanding the potential causes for a restricted photograph depend is essential for sustaining an correct and consultant on-line presence. Inconsistencies in photograph visibility can affect follower engagement, model notion, and total person expertise. Recognizing widespread causes permits for proactive troubleshooting and downside decision, guaranteeing the supposed visible content material is quickly accessible to the target market. The historical past of Instagram highlights the continued evolution of its algorithms and options, which may immediately affect content material show and accessibility.
A number of potential causes contribute to a decrease than anticipated photograph depend. These embrace archiving of posts, content material filtering primarily based on Instagram’s neighborhood tips, account restrictions, technical glitches, and incomplete add processes. Addressing every of those prospects systematically can usually resolve the discrepancy and restore the supposed variety of seen pictures.
1. Archived posts
Archived posts immediately affect the seen photograph depend on an Instagram profile. This characteristic permits customers to take away pictures from public view with out completely deleting them, consequently affecting the variety of photographs displayed on the primary profile grid.
-
Intentional Hiding of Content material
The archive perform gives a way for customers to curate their public-facing profile. As an example, a person would possibly archive older photographs that not align with their present aesthetic or model picture. This intentional elimination from the general public feed immediately reduces the displayed photograph depend. A person present process a model refresh, for instance, could archive quite a few older posts to streamline their visible id.
-
Seasonal or Promotional Content material Administration
Companies or influencers usually archive posts associated to particular seasons, promotions, or occasions. As soon as an occasion concludes or a season ends, these posts could also be archived to keep up a present and related profile. A retail enterprise would possibly archive holiday-themed posts after the vacation season ends, resulting in a brief lower within the displayed photograph depend till the subsequent related interval.
-
Privateness and Content material Overview
Customers could archive posts briefly whereas reviewing their content material for privateness considerations or compliance with neighborhood tips. If a person is uncertain concerning the appropriateness of a selected picture, they could archive it whereas they consider its content material. This act can decrease the seen photograph depend till the person decides to revive the picture to their public profile.
-
Testing Aesthetic Modifications
Archiving permits customers to experiment with completely different aesthetic layouts on their profile with out completely deleting content material. A person contemplating a brand new coloration scheme or visible theme could archive a collection of photographs to preview how the profile seems with the revised content material. This trial-and-error course of impacts the displayed photograph quantity whereas adjustments are evaluated.
In abstract, the archive characteristic is a flexible device that offers Instagram customers appreciable management over their public picture. Whereas helpful for content material administration and aesthetic refinement, understanding its affect on the seen photograph depend is crucial for customers in search of to keep up an correct illustration of their uploaded content material.
2. Content material violations
Content material violations signify a big consider limiting the variety of seen photographs on an Instagram profile. Breaching the platform’s neighborhood tips can result in content material elimination, thereby impacting the displayed picture depend.
-
Violation of Neighborhood Pointers
Instagram’s Neighborhood Pointers prohibit content material that promotes violence, incites hatred, or accommodates graphic imagery. If a photograph is flagged and located to violate these tips, it is going to be eliminated. As an example, a person posting a picture that celebrates violence or promotes hate speech dangers having that photograph faraway from their profile. Consequently, the remaining variety of seen photographs is decreased.
-
Copyright Infringement
Posting pictures that infringe upon copyright legal guidelines may end up in their elimination. If a person uploads {a photograph} with out acquiring correct permission from the copyright holder, the copyright proprietor can file a declare with Instagram. If the declare is validated, the infringing photograph is taken down, and the profile’s seen photograph depend decreases. An instance can be utilizing skilled images discovered on-line with out licensing them.
-
Nudity and Sexually Suggestive Content material
Instagram has strict insurance policies towards nudity and sexually suggestive content material. Whereas the platform permits sure inventive expressions, it prohibits pictures which might be overtly sexual or exploit people. Ought to a photograph be deemed to violate these insurance policies, it is going to be eliminated, thus affecting the general variety of displayed photographs. This may embrace pictures containing depictions of sexual acts, or extreme publicity.
-
Spam and Inauthentic Habits
Instagram prohibits spam and inauthentic habits, together with using bots or pretend accounts to inflate engagement metrics. If an account is discovered to be concerned in such actions, Instagram could take away the offending content material or prohibit the account’s performance. Pictures related to spam or inauthentic actions could be deleted, influencing the depend of seen pictures on the profile. An instance may very well be a photograph used to advertise fraudulent schemes.
In abstract, content material violations play a direct position in figuring out the variety of seen photographs on an Instagram profile. Adhering to Instagrams Neighborhood Pointers, respecting copyright legal guidelines, avoiding prohibited content material, and refraining from spam and inauthentic actions are essential for sustaining a constant and correct illustration of uploaded pictures. Violations not solely cut back the seen photograph depend however can also result in account restrictions.
3. Account restrictions
Account restrictions immediately affect the visibility of content material on an Instagram profile, doubtlessly resulting in a discrepancy between the variety of uploaded pictures and the quantity displayed. Varied restrictions can restrict account performance, thereby influencing the variety of photographs a person or customer can view.
-
Momentary Bans
Momentary bans are sometimes imposed for violating Instagram’s phrases of service, reminiscent of exceeding fee limits for likes, feedback, or follows. Throughout a brief ban, an account’s capacity to put up or make current content material seen could also be restricted. Consequently, uploaded pictures could also be hidden from public view at some point of the ban. If a person is briefly banned after importing a number of photographs, these photographs won’t seem on the profile till the ban is lifted, contributing to a low displayed photograph depend. A person mass-following accounts could also be topic to a brief ban, making not too long ago uploaded photographs invisible.
-
Shadowbans
Shadowbans are much less overt than momentary bans, usually involving a discount in attain with out immediately notifying the person. Content material posted by a shadowbanned account could not seem in hashtag searches or on the Discover web page for customers who don’t already observe the account. Consequently, even when a person has uploaded a number of photographs, they might solely be seen to current followers, whereas others can’t discover them by way of regular discovery channels. This diminished visibility successfully reduces the attain of the photographs and may give the impression that the account has fewer seen posts. For instance, a person using aggressive hashtag methods would possibly inadvertently set off a shadowban, limiting the visibility of their current uploads.
-
Account Suspension
Account suspension represents a extra extreme restriction, usually ensuing from repeated or egregious violations of Instagram’s insurance policies. A suspended account could have all its content material, together with photographs, faraway from public view. This immediately reduces the seen photograph depend to zero, because the account is successfully disabled. If an account repeatedly violates copyright insurance policies, for example, it could be suspended, ensuing within the full disappearance of its photographs from the platform.
-
Age Restrictions
Instagram enforces age restrictions on sure forms of content material. If an account shouldn’t be correctly age-verified, or if it constantly posts content material deemed inappropriate for youthful audiences, restrictions could also be positioned that restrict the visibility of that content material to particular age teams. This may cut back the displayed photograph depend for customers exterior the allowed age vary. An account posting content material containing mature themes with out correct age gating would possibly discover that youthful customers see a decreased variety of photographs on the profile.
In abstract, account restrictionswhether momentary bans, shadowbans, suspensions, or age-related limitationsdirectly affect the variety of photographs displayed on an Instagram profile. These restrictions, imposed for numerous violations of Instagram’s insurance policies, can restrict the visibility of uploaded pictures, resulting in a discrepancy between the precise variety of uploads and the quantity viewable by completely different customers. Understanding the categories and implications of those restrictions is crucial for sustaining a compliant and visual presence on the platform.
4. Add errors
Add errors represent a major cause for discrepancies between the supposed and precise variety of photographs displayed on an Instagram profile. Incomplete or failed uploads forestall pictures from turning into publicly seen, immediately contributing to the phenomenon of a person perceiving that solely a restricted variety of photographs are current on their account. The lack to efficiently switch picture information from the person’s machine to Instagram’s servers leads to a failure to publish the content material, which consequently lowers the seen photograph depend. This may come up from numerous components together with community connectivity points, file corruption, and platform-specific errors. As an example, if a person makes an attempt to add ten photographs however the add course of is interrupted for 5 of them on account of a brief community outage, solely 5 photographs will seem on their profile, regardless of the person initiating the add of ten.
The sensible significance of understanding add errors lies within the capacity to diagnose and mitigate such points proactively. Customers encountering this downside ought to first confirm their web connection and guarantee its stability. Subsequently, inspecting the picture information for corruption or incompatible codecs is crucial. Furthermore, clearing the Instagram app’s cache and information, or reinstalling the appliance, can resolve software-related glitches hindering the add course of. Using these troubleshooting steps usually allows the profitable completion of pending uploads, thereby rectifying the disparity within the displayed photograph depend. A person constantly experiencing add errors would possibly discover that their pictures are too massive and exceed Instagram’s really useful file measurement restrict; resizing these pictures earlier than importing may resolve the problem.
In conclusion, add errors considerably contribute to situations the place the seen photograph depend on Instagram is lower than anticipated. Addressing these errors by way of diligent troubleshooting of community connections, file integrity, and software performance proves vital in guaranteeing the supposed visible content material is precisely represented on the person’s profile. Successfully managing add processes and resolving associated errors is, subsequently, important for sustaining an correct and fascinating on-line presence. Failing to handle add errors may end up in person frustration and an underrepresentation of content material, doubtlessly impacting model notion and viewers engagement.
5. App glitches
App glitches can immediately contribute to a discrepancy between the variety of photographs a person uploads to Instagram and the quantity seen on their profile, ensuing within the notion of getting solely a restricted photograph depend. These glitches, stemming from software program bugs, compatibility points, or momentary server-side issues, can interrupt the right show of content material. As an example, the app would possibly fail to load sure pictures, or it could incorrectly course of database queries, inflicting photographs to look lacking from the profile grid. This phenomenon undermines the person’s supposed illustration of their content material, because the viewer is introduced with an incomplete portfolio. The presence of those anomalies underscores the significance of recognizing software-related errors as a possible trigger for inaccurate photograph counts.
Inspecting the sensible implications, understanding that app glitches have an effect on photograph visibility necessitates particular troubleshooting steps. Customers ought to first be certain that their app is up to date to the most recent model, as updates usually embrace bug fixes that handle show points. Clearing the app’s cache and information may resolve glitches attributable to corrupted momentary information. If these steps don’t rectify the problem, reinstalling the appliance could be essential to get rid of any persistent software program issues. Moreover, contacting Instagram’s help can present insights into identified points and potential options particular to the platform’s infrastructure. For instance, a person would possibly observe that, after a current app replace, a number of photographs disappeared from their profile. After trying the aforementioned troubleshooting steps, contacting Instagram help could reveal a widespread situation affecting a number of customers, prompting a server-side repair that restores the lacking pictures.
In conclusion, app glitches are a big issue that may distort the perceived photograph depend on Instagram profiles. Recognizing these software-related causes permits customers to implement focused options, reminiscent of updating the app, clearing cache, or reinstalling the appliance. By systematically addressing potential glitches, customers can enhance the accuracy of content material show, guaranteeing their profile precisely displays the supposed variety of uploaded photographs. Failure to acknowledge and handle app glitches can result in person frustration and a misrepresentation of content material, underscoring the significance of proactive troubleshooting in managing the visible integrity of an Instagram profile.
6. Privateness settings
Privateness settings on Instagram immediately have an effect on the visibility of uploaded photographs, doubtlessly resulting in a notion that solely a restricted variety of pictures are current on an account. These settings permit customers to regulate who can view their content material, thereby influencing the displayed photograph depend for various audiences.
-
Account Privateness: Public vs. Non-public
The elemental privateness setting is the selection between a public or non-public account. A public account permits anybody on Instagram to view the profile’s photographs, whereas a personal account restricts entry to accepted followers solely. If an account is switched from public to personal, people who usually are not followers will solely see the pictures posted whereas the account was public. A person could have tons of of photographs but when the profile is ready to personal, a non-follower will solely see a restricted variety of preliminary public posts. A person altering their account to personal to restrict publicity inadvertently reduces the seen photograph depend to non-followers.
-
Restricted Accounts
Instagram’s “Prohibit” characteristic permits customers to restrict interactions with sure accounts with out blocking them. Feedback from restricted accounts are solely seen to the account proprietor and the restricted particular person, and DMs are moved to a separate request folder. Whereas proscribing an account doesn’t immediately conceal current photographs, it considerably limits the visibility of future posts and interactions. If an account restricts lots of its followers, the affect of their engagement might be decreased, creating the looks of much less total exercise. A person proscribing a problematic commenter would possibly discover that this motion decreases the perceived engagement with their photograph, affecting the perceived visibility of the general profile.
-
Shut Buddies Listing
The “Shut Buddies” characteristic permits customers to share tales and posts with a choose group of people. Pictures shared solely with the Shut Buddies listing is not going to be seen to different followers. Whereas this characteristic applies primarily to Tales, the precept illustrates how segmented sharing can cut back the obvious variety of photographs seen to most people. If a person predominantly makes use of Shut Buddies for sharing visible content material, the primary profile grid could seem sparsely populated to these not on the listing. An artist utilizing Shut Buddies to share works-in-progress may need a public profile that seems to have fewer completed works than they’ve truly created.
-
Blocking Customers
Blocking an account prevents the blocked person from viewing the profile’s content material, together with photographs. If a profile blocks a big variety of customers, these blocked people will see a decreased or nonexistent photograph depend. Whereas the blocked customers themselves might not be consultant of the final viewers, mass blocking can result in skewed perceptions of visibility inside sure segments of the Instagram neighborhood. A person who blocks quite a few spam accounts will discover that these accounts not see their photographs, thereby decreasing the seen photograph depend for that particular subset of people.
In abstract, privateness settings on Instagram are basic controls that immediately affect photograph visibility. The selection between a public or non-public account, using the Prohibit characteristic, Shut Buddies lists, and the act of blocking customers all contribute to how completely different people understand the variety of photographs on a profile. Understanding these privateness settings is crucial for each content material creators aiming to handle their viewers and customers in search of to troubleshoot discrepancies within the displayed photograph depend.
7. Cache points
Cache points on Instagram can considerably contribute to discrepancies within the variety of photographs displayed on a person’s profile. The app’s cache shops momentary information to enhance efficiency and cut back loading instances. Nevertheless, when this cache turns into corrupted or outdated, it may well result in numerous show errors, together with the wrong reporting of the variety of seen photographs.
-
Outdated Cached Knowledge
Outdated cached information can forestall the Instagram app from displaying essentially the most present model of a person’s profile. The app could proceed to point out an earlier state the place solely a restricted variety of photographs have been current, even when the person has since uploaded extra pictures. For instance, if a person uploads ten new photographs, however the app remains to be counting on cached information from earlier than the add, it can solely present the unique photograph depend. This outdated info can result in the wrong notion that the person solely has a restricted variety of photographs accessible. Periodic clearing of the cache will help resolve this situation by forcing the app to fetch the most recent information from Instagram’s servers.
-
Corrupted Cache Recordsdata
Corrupted cache information can disrupt the app’s capacity to accurately load and show photographs. If the cache information are broken or incomplete, the app could fail to render sure pictures or could miscount the entire variety of photographs on the profile. This corruption can come up from software program glitches, incomplete updates, or interruptions throughout information writing processes. As an example, a sudden app crash whereas the cache is being up to date may end in broken information. On this state of affairs, even when the person has uploaded many photographs, the app would possibly solely show a subset as a result of corruption, thereby resulting in the misperception of a low photograph depend. Clearing the cache or reinstalling the app can usually handle this situation by creating a brand new, uncorrupted cache.
-
Incomplete Knowledge Retrieval
Through the preliminary loading of an Instagram profile, the app depends on the cache to rapidly show beforehand accessed info. Nevertheless, if the app experiences community interruptions or server-side points whereas retrieving profile information, the cache would possibly retailer incomplete info. This may end up in the app displaying solely a portion of the person’s uploaded photographs, as the total set was not correctly cached. For instance, if a person opens a profile whereas experiencing a weak Wi-Fi sign, the app would possibly solely load and cache just a few photographs earlier than the connection is misplaced. Subsequently, the app will proceed to show this incomplete set of photographs from the cache, even after the community connection is restored. Clearing the cache ensures that the app will try to retrieve the whole profile information once more, doubtlessly resolving the problem.
-
Conflicts with App Updates
App updates can generally introduce conflicts with current cache information, resulting in show errors. If the replace adjustments the way in which the app shops or accesses information, the previous cached info would possibly develop into incompatible, inflicting the app to misread or fail to show photographs accurately. This may manifest as a restricted photograph depend, despite the fact that the person has uploaded many extra pictures. As an example, a big architectural change within the app’s information administration may render older cache information out of date. On this case, the app would possibly wrestle to reconcile the previous cache with the brand new information construction, leading to solely a partial show of the person’s photographs. Clearing the cache or reinstalling the app after an replace can resolve these conflicts by forcing the app to create a brand new cache appropriate with the up to date software program.
In abstract, cache points play a big position within the inaccurate reporting of photograph counts on Instagram. Outdated information, corrupted information, incomplete retrieval, and conflicts with app updates can all result in a scenario the place the displayed variety of photographs doesn’t replicate the person’s precise uploads. Troubleshooting these cache-related issues by way of clearing the cache or reinstalling the app is essential for guaranteeing {that a} person’s profile precisely represents their visible content material.
8. Pending uploads
Pending uploads signify a vital hyperlink in explaining why an Instagram person could understand an inaccurate photograph depend. When pictures fail to finish the add course of, they continue to be in a state of limbo, neither totally built-in into the profile nor readily obvious as lacking. This incomplete standing immediately contributes to the discrepancy between the variety of photographs a person expects to see and the precise quantity displayed. The problem arises as a result of the pictures usually are not formally registered as printed content material, subsequently not factored into the seen photograph depend. A person trying to add a batch of twenty photographs could observe that solely ten seem on their profile if the remaining ten are caught in a pending state on account of community interruptions or app malfunctions. The sensible significance of understanding this lies in recognizing {that a} low displayed photograph depend could not essentially point out deletion or elimination, however relatively an unresolved add course of.
A number of components contribute to pictures turning into trapped as pending uploads. Intermittent community connectivity, significantly on cellular units, can disrupt the switch of picture information to Instagram’s servers. Inadequate space for storing on the person’s machine may impede the add course of, stopping pictures from finishing the switch. Moreover, software program glitches inside the Instagram software or conflicts with different working apps may cause add processes to stall. Addressing these causes usually entails verifying community stability, liberating up machine storage, and restarting the Instagram software. In sure instances, clearing the app’s cache or reinstalling the appliance could also be essential to resolve underlying software program conflicts which might be hindering the add completion. A person experiencing repeated add failures would possibly discover that switching from a Wi-Fi connection to a cellular information connection, or vice versa, resolves the problem by bypassing network-related impediments.
In abstract, the phenomenon of pending uploads is a big consider understanding discrepancies within the displayed photograph depend on Instagram. Figuring out and addressing the causes of those incomplete uploads is essential for guaranteeing that every one supposed visible content material is precisely represented on the person’s profile. By recognizing that lacking photographs could merely be awaiting completion of the add course of, customers can take proactive steps to troubleshoot and resolve these points, thereby sustaining an correct and fascinating on-line presence. Neglecting to handle pending uploads can result in ongoing frustration and a misrepresentation of content material, underscoring the significance of monitoring and resolving upload-related points.
Steadily Requested Questions
This part addresses widespread inquiries relating to situations the place the displayed variety of photographs on an Instagram profile is decrease than anticipated. It gives explanations for potential causes and troubleshooting steps.
Query 1: Why does the photograph depend on an Instagram profile not match the variety of photographs purportedly uploaded?
Discrepancies in photograph counts can come up from a number of components, together with archived posts, content material violations resulting in elimination, account restrictions, incomplete uploads, app glitches, and particular privateness settings. A scientific assessment of those potential causes is usually required to determine the foundation situation.
Query 2: How does archiving have an effect on the seen variety of photographs?
Archiving removes pictures from the general public profile grid with out completely deleting them. Archived posts usually are not factored into the seen photograph depend, thus deliberately reducing the displayed quantity.
Query 3: What constitutes a content material violation that results in photograph elimination?
Content material that violates Instagram’s Neighborhood Pointers, infringes on copyright, accommodates nudity or sexually suggestive materials, or promotes spam and inauthentic habits is topic to elimination. Eliminated content material is not seen on the profile, thereby decreasing the photograph depend.
Query 4: What forms of account restrictions affect photograph visibility?
Momentary bans, shadowbans, account suspensions, and age restrictions can all restrict the visibility of photographs. These restrictions, imposed for violations of Instagram’s insurance policies, can forestall photographs from being exhibited to sure customers or the general public at massive.
Query 5: How can add errors end in an inaccurate photograph depend?
Incomplete or failed uploads forestall pictures from turning into publicly seen. If an add course of is interrupted on account of community points, file corruption, or app malfunctions, the affected pictures is not going to be included within the profile’s displayed photograph depend.
Query 6: How do Instagram’s privateness settings affect who can view a profile’s photographs?
Account privateness settings, reminiscent of the selection between a public or non-public account, using the Prohibit characteristic, Shut Buddies lists, and blocked customers all affect photograph visibility. These settings decide which customers can see the profile’s content material, thereby affecting the perceived photograph depend for various people.
Addressing the explanations behind a restricted photograph show on Instagram requires a scientific method. Inspecting archived posts, potential content material violations, account restrictions, add errors, and privateness settings are the first steps in resolving discrepancies.
The next part will present troubleshooting tricks to handle and resolve the explanations “Why do I nonetheless solely have 10 photographs on instagram”.
Troubleshooting a Restricted Instagram Picture Rely
Addressing discrepancies between the supposed and precise variety of photographs displayed on an Instagram profile requires a methodical method. The next suggestions present steerage on figuring out and resolving potential causes.
Tip 1: Overview Archived Posts: Navigate to the archive part inside the Instagram app. Restore any unintentionally archived photographs to reinstate them to the general public profile. This motion immediately will increase the seen photograph depend. For instance, periodically look at the archive to make sure related content material is quickly accessible to viewers.
Tip 2: Assess Compliance with Neighborhood Pointers: Consider uploaded photographs towards Instagram’s Neighborhood Pointers. Take away or edit content material that will violate these tips to forestall elimination by the platform. Adherence to those tips ensures content material stays seen and contributes to an correct photograph depend.
Tip 3: Test Account Standing for Restrictions: Examine the account’s standing for any imposed restrictions, reminiscent of momentary bans or shadowbans. Overview communication from Instagram relating to potential violations and cling to any corrective actions outlined. Addressing account restrictions is crucial for restoring full content material visibility.
Tip 4: Confirm Profitable Uploads: Verify that every one supposed photographs have accomplished the add course of. Incomplete uploads may end up from community instability or app malfunctions. Re-attempt any failed uploads to make sure they’re correctly registered on the profile and contribute to the seen photograph depend.
Tip 5: Clear App Cache and Knowledge: Clearing the app’s cache and information can resolve show errors attributable to corrupted momentary information. This motion forces the app to retrieve essentially the most present profile information from Instagram’s servers, guaranteeing an correct reflection of the uploaded photograph depend.
Tip 6: Look at Privateness Settings: Overview the profile’s privateness settings to make sure the supposed viewers has entry to the content material. Verify the account is ready to public, if desired, and confirm that particular customers haven’t been inadvertently restricted or blocked. Adjusting privateness settings is vital for controlling who can view the profile’s photographs.
Tip 7: Contact Instagram Help: If troubleshooting steps show ineffective, contact Instagram help for help. Present detailed info relating to the problem, together with the anticipated photograph depend versus the precise depend. Direct communication with the platform can yield insights into platform-specific errors and resolutions.
By systematically implementing these troubleshooting suggestions, customers can successfully handle discrepancies in Instagram photograph counts. Sustaining an correct illustration of uploaded content material is essential for participating the supposed viewers and attaining desired on-line visibility.
The ultimate part will reiterate key insights and summarize “Why do I nonetheless solely have 10 photographs on instagram” for fast recall.
Conclusion
The exploration of things contributing to a restricted photograph show, addressing “why do i nonetheless solely have 10 photographs on instagram,” reveals a posh interaction of person actions, platform insurance policies, and technical issues. Understanding the roles of archived posts, content material violations, account restrictions, add errors, app glitches, privateness settings, cache points, and pending uploads is essential for precisely deciphering photograph counts. Troubleshooting these potential causes entails a scientific method, encompassing content material assessment, settings verification, and technical changes.
Sustaining an correct illustration of visible content material on Instagram is crucial for efficient communication and engagement. Proactive administration and diligent troubleshooting are subsequently important to make sure that a profile precisely displays the supposed content material. Addressing these components contributes to a extra dependable and clear on-line presence, enhancing the person expertise and bolstering the credibility of the account.
